Reporter: pencil boxn
INK’s vision is to link different global cultural circles to create distributed solutions and infrastructure for the original content industry. In order to make such a big ecology not only stay at the vision level, but actually come to an end in practice, we need a stable, multi-dimensional and fit the underlying technology of the business model as a support. From this perspective, this article will sort out the INK has completed and is planning the realization of the underlying technology and innovation.n
The ecological environment of original content across different geographies in INK is very complicated. It not only considers the differences of laws, regulations and cultures in different regions, but also weighs the diversified needs in terms of system governance, scalability, security and performance. Currently, a single type of blockchain technology architecture clearly can not meet the needs of INK’s ecological construction.n
In this regard, INK’s strategy can be summarized as “Glocalization,” a combination of “Globalization” and “Localization.” Under this structure, INK will customize, deploy and operate multiple INK affiliate chains across many different cultures around the world. Each INK affiliate chain will be the distributed infrastructure for the local original content industry, focusing on the “localized” business network it enables. At the same time, to link these localized networks scattered across different sovereignty frameworks, the INK Cross-Link Protocol will provide interoperability between all INK Alliance chains and the public chain Qtum for the flow of value and information between chain and chain, ultimately Qtum bridges the bridge to a “global” value network.n
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Localization: Customizable INK Affiliate Chain for different cultural circlesn
INK affiliate chain participantsn
In addition to fairness and freedom, the IP industry is difficult to provide due to the confirmation and management of ownership and the systematic authority at the same time. INK’s localization strategy uses Affiliate Chains as a technology infrastructure that is based on a series of autonomic transformations based on Hyperledger Fabric 1.0, the most widely used blockchain framework in business environments, inheriting its plug-in, configurable design style and extending it as The ability of value circulation media. In order to truly realize the commercial value, INK Alliance Chain introduces content platform, scientific research institutions and other organizations as core nodes, copyright agencies as endorsement nodes to jointly create reliable, credible and authoritative original content industry distributed infrastructures.n
In a blockchain structure, each newly generated block records all transactions and status results that occur over a period of time, and is a consensus on the current status of the ledger. Trading in Fabric is usually a call to a smart contract and may change the current state of the world. Based on the design that decouples the transaction execution of the node from the transaction sorting function, the endorsement node in the fabric uses the read-write set as a result of the simulation execution transaction, and the sorted nodes sort, sort the recent transactions and package the blocks, and confirm that the nodes still need to search one by one Verify that transactions in the read-write set, will likely lead to serialization of inconsistent parallel operation. The problem with this is that if a transaction has a status write during the verification run, the current version of all the states in the read set must be consistent with the endorsement, otherwise the transaction will be marked as invalid. This is a compromise of usability to consistency, making this state read and write mechanism similar to Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC) difficult to adapt to high-frequency, high-concurrency value delivery scenarios. A typical effect is that for a basic transfer operation, an account can only be operated once in the same block.n
Read and write sets and transfer setn
Based on the existing technology of Fabric, INK rebuilds its block structure, adds transaction types and status storage structures, adds interface functions related to accounts, and adds a new Transfer Set as a Read- Write Set structure supplement, used to record the account transfer and other related operations. For transfer or smart contract transfer with transfer set as the carrier, because it involves only the account balance read or increase or decrease, the confirmation node uses a relatively loose verification mechanism, making INK support in the same block transaction batch, the same Multiple transfers of accounts or rollover transactions can take effect at the same time. At the same time, the transfer set and the reading and writing set can perfectly co-exist in the same transaction. The verification of transfer set with INK account system, but also to ensure consistency, certainty, anti-replay attacks.n
The above innovative features supported by INK’s bottom layer will be the necessary underpinnings for future efficient value transfer and creative applications such as content distribution and knowledge sharing.n
On the other hand, INK developed INK account module for alliance chain. INK accounts are natural support for configurable multi-asset systems that do not require additional contractual intelligence, which greatly reduces the cost of asset distribution and fault tolerance and is fully compatible with existing security and verification settings to make it a perfect fit for INK Conception of IP asset management and distribution platform.n
INK account system to meet a large number of anonymous users and blockchain needs of direct interaction. By default, the user can generate the key pair using the elliptic curve secp256k1 and derive the INK account address unidirectionally from the public key. INK also developed a configurable fee-based module for account systems to meet the necessary needs of network operators and application developers.n
Based on the above basic capabilities, INK implements interfaces such as GetAccount and Transfer outside the contract’s basic interfaces such as GetState and PutState for flexible use by contract developers.n
INK Alliance chain structuren
It is worth emphasizing that the INK federation chain is designed to follow the plug-in style. Modules such as accounts, transfer sets, commission fees and consensus mechanisms can be arbitrarily plugged and highly customized to support the extension for different application scenarios.n
INK Union chain was originally designed as a technical support for all localities to provide a complete original content industry distributed solutions, the need to adapt to complex traditional business systems, but also brought a lot of development and operation of the work. In conjunction with the modular design of INK, INK uses container technology to streamline work and processes. The benefits of containerization to INK include: 1) Rapid delivery and deployment, using mirroring to quickly build a standard development environment where testing and operations staff can test and deploy code directly using the same environment; 2) Seconds Level start INK service; 3) isolation of different applications to improve security and stability; 4) easy to migrate and expand. In the actual production environment, INK uses Kubernetes to realize the automation deployment, and realizes the management, monitoring and scale expansion of INK alliance chains and cross-chain components. Kubernetes, the most popular distributed application container management system today, has advantages in scalability, O u0026 M tool support, API support, and a variety of environmental support for virtual machines, bare metal, common cloud platforms, Perfect integration, and facilitate the expansion of online clustering, so that the system can withstand the enormous pressure of concurrent access by a large number of users.n
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Globalization: Qtum-based global IP asset platform and INK cross-chain interaction protocoln
INK will initially launch its IP asset platform with original content registered in various INK alliance chains, involving the registration, protection, incubation and trading of IP assets. Late Qtum will be based on the realization of smart contracts to decentralized IP asset trading platform.n
As a value carrier for IP assets, the IP Token standard inherits from Qt (Qtum Standard Token) to provide more interfaces and capabilities related to IP content and cross-link support based on all its standard capabilities.n
INK will create Qtum-based global decentralized IP asset trading platform. Assuming that the existing centralized trading platform can not guarantee complete fairness, openness and security, there may be issues such as account theft, manipulation of transactions, overruns of tokens, system breakdown, misoperation of platforms, etc., resulting in a conflict between investors and IP owners Damage to the interests of. In addition, the centralized trading platform in order to ensure its own compliance and operability, often require users to register and provide authentication documents, and the user account’s private key is stored on the server side, can not guarantee anonymity, to the user Have a major security risk. In view of this, INK will be based on Qtum bottom, the use of smart contracts to achieve the basic functions of the trading platform, completely decentralized operation, to ensure transparency, fairness and openness. Users can call the interface for trading operations, you can also use INK open source front-end tools to interact private key stored in the user’s local without registration and authentication, there is no third-party participation, platform-free, to ensure maximum use of users Privacy and interests.n
INK cross-link modeln
In order to solve the problem of relatively closed and isolated INK consortia, INK creatively proposes a cross-chain agreement between consortia and public chains as the technical focus of linking different cultures in the world. First, INK consortium chains and Qtum public chains Provide interoperability.n
The realization of interoperability will fully benefit from the following two points. First, as a highly intelligent and intelligent contract platform, the chain codes supported by Qtum-supported EVM or x86 virtual machines and INK affiliate chains all have flexible and powerful expressions Ability; Second, the INK federation chain itself, but also depends on the membership management and authority strategy mechanism, so that the cross-chain operation of the checksum execution can also be the same as intra-chain transactions rely on a number of independent, credible endorsers, While not adding additional trust assumptions to the affiliate system.n
Cross-link agreement requires both sides of the coalition chain and the public chain to achieve. On the federation chain side, the functions of nodes participating in the consensus process are decoupled from endorsement, sorting, and verification. We further divided the endorsement functions into transaction endorsements and cross-linked endorsements. The functional node responsible for inter-link relay endorsing needs to independently read and verify cross-link operation events and corresponding state values on the public chain side and ensure fairness and finality, and also needs to digitally sign a request for legal cross-link operation on the side of the affiliate chain . As with the endorsement strategy set when instantiating a smart contract, there is also a need to set a strategy for the validity of the relay endorsement portfolio. The specific and effective relay endorsement combination can be specified by the SignaturePolicy structure of the INK federation chain to construct any complex signature verification combination. For example, “OR (‘Org1.member’, AND (‘Org2.member’, ‘Org3. Admin’)” means that either Org1’s member was signed, Or both Org2 and Org3’s administrator signed, To meet the relay endorsement strategy.Public side of the chain, registered through an intelligent contract chain and the endorsement node and strategy information, and to achieve cross-chain processing logic.Application of smart contracts will be mature cryptography library method to achieve endorsement node signature verification. The entire cross-link process, smart contracts and relay end-nodes play an important intermediary role, while the block chain network to ensure that the final cross-chain results are confirmed.n
The capabilities provided by the INK cross-link agreement will include cross-link flows of INK and IP Token, inter-chain of smart contracts and more. For example, the user may hold all or part of INK or IP on Qtumn
Token transferred to an INK chain for circulation, using the unique applications and services in its area, and enjoy the credibility and high performance of the Union chain; Token INK Union chain can be safely transferred back to the Qtum chain, the entire The process ensures that the corresponding assets on the roll-out chain are securely locked and the total amount of circulating assets on all chains remains unchanged. Further, the INK Affiliate Chain will be able to interoperate with the H-Link contract, and events on one of them may be triggered upon triggering the contractual terms of the other party.n
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Developer Support: Popularize the INK application ecosystem and build a zero-threshold developer platformn
INK will provide eco-app developers with as much support as possible. First of all, INK will continue to maintain the Software Development Kit SDK. By encapsulating the various features that interact with the INK network, the SDK has access to a wide range of resources including accounts, transactions, books, smart contracts, snooping (events sent by smart contracts or chunks), etc. The SDK also synchronizes INK cross-chaining Operational processes make an abstraction that shields developers from underlying details while enjoying the benefits of cross-linking. Based on the SDK, community developers can successfully develop IP asset wallets, browsers, and a wide range of original content industry applications.n
INK BaaS architecturen
However, for developers and testers of community applications, it is still not easy to build a distributed blockchain solution, which requires a certain investment in economic costs as well as a full range of development and operation management. INK will also launch the fully-open BaaS platform, providing one-stop test network setup, visualization of distributed ledger content, intelligent contract development and testing, network monitoring and analysis, and more. INK BaaS platform will successively support INK federation chain cluster, Qtum cluster, cross-chain interaction cluster and other development environment, the development environment will be close to the actual application scenarios, so that developers can test the business model can be easily migrated released to INK Union chain And Qtum male chain.n
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Conclusionn
Based on Innovations and “Global Localization” strategy of Ink underlying technology, in the future, Ink will be able to provide creators with such a use scenario:n
A British writer using INK UK Sovereign Alliance Chain to copyright-register his new novel by cross-chain agreement, simultaneously comparing all INK Sovereign League chains, determined that the novel was “starter” on the chain, and therefore at Ink all copyright chain on the chain of sovereignty; afterwards, with the IP monitoring chain INK system, writers can easily understand the flow of this novel and infringing data, if infringement occurs, the chain of infringement certificate will infringement page Block chain evidence; monitoring chain, certificate chain data will support this novel cross-chain number of token and project insurance amount.n
The cross-chain agreement will also support the IP rights conversion of this novel in different chains of sovereign alliance. For example, if the IP project wants to enter the overseas market, the other countries can conveniently enjoy the ecology of INK alliance chain in the country, such as insurance, agency and trading of rights and interests based on the country’s sovereignty chain.n